Under what condition is a disclosed principal liable for acts committed by the agent?

The correct answer focuses on the principle of authority in agency law. A disclosed principal is one whose existence and identity are known to the third party engaging with the agent. Under general agency principles, a disclosed principal can be held liable for the acts committed by the agent as long as those acts are within the scope of the agent's authority.

The phrase “unless it is clear that the parties intended otherwise” acknowledges that the intentions of both the principal and the agent play a critical role in determining liability. If the parties did not intend for the principal to be liable under certain circumstances, then this could absolve the principal from responsibility for the agent's actions, even if the agent acts within their authority.

This understanding aligns with agency law, where the principal is typically expected to be liable for acts of the agent that fall within the authority granted to the agent, unless there are express terms that limit such liability. This further illustrates the reliance on the parties' mutual understanding of the terms of the agency relationship.

The other options do not address the fundamental nature of the principal's liability in the context of agency, failing to recognize that the essence of liability hinges on the agreed intentions of both parties. Thus, understanding the nuance in the relationship between intention and liability